EXAMINATIONS METALLOGRAPHIC
Metallographic investigations make it possible to determine the physical structure of metals; on several levels of investigation (at macrographic or micrographic level) and with several techniques combined, the size and shape of crystals, grains, phase distribution, purity level and the possible presence of contaminants in the material, the type of heat treatment undergone, the direction of the sliding or flow lines in the case of plastically deformed samples, hot, etc., the measurement of thicknesses in the case of coatings, are highlighted.
They are also used for the characterisation and study of welds, or for the certification of processes and personnel (welders, brazers, welding operators).
Characteristic of all the Group’s laboratories is the use of the most modern equipment (metallographic microscope, stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope) accompanied by scrupulous sample preparation phases aimed at the type of material and investigation to be carried out, from cutting to polishing to chemical attack of the sample.
Metallographic Examinations
- Micrographic examinations
- Grain size with controlled oxidation (Kohn)
- Grain size by direct attachment method
- Wheat Dimension - Bechet Method - Beaujard
- Austenitic Wheat Dimensioning - McQuaid-Ehn Method
- Depth Cementation (Optical Method + Hardness Stitching)
- Depth Corrosion (Optical Method)
- Depth Decarburization (Optical Method + Hardness Stitching)
- Nitriding Depth (Optical Method + Hardness Stitching)
- Coating Thickness Determination (Optical Method)
- Banding Index Determination According to ASTM E1268 (Fibre Trending)
- Carbide Determination (Optical Method)
Inclusions
- Determination of Non-Metallic Inclusions ISO 4967 Method A and Method B
- Customer-Specified Non-Metallic Inclusion Determination
- Determination of Non-Metallic Inclusions UNI 3244 Method K < 4
- Determination of Non-Metallic Inclusions UNI 3244 Method K ≥ 4
- Inclusion Determination According to ASTM E45 Method A and Method D
- Phase Percentage (Duplex Grid 100 Pti + Verification 20 Fields - Accuracy Rel. 10 % Tab.3)
- Phase Percentage (Duplex Grid 16 Pti + Verification 30 Fields - Accuracy Rel. 20 % Tab.3)
Macrographic examinations
- Fractography
- Macrographic examination
Failure Investigations – Causes of Failure
Through the combination of several investigation techniques, it is possible to determine the hypothesis that led to the failure of a metal component or artefact. The use of the scanning electron microscope SEM allows the type of failure to be unambiguously determined, while a systematic and punctual methodology combined with the remaining laboratory tests directs the technical personnel towards the formulation of precise hypotheses regarding the failure phenomenon verified.
- Failure Investigation On Metal Artefact
- Corrosion Failure Investigation
- SEM: EDS microanalysis + Spectrum
- SEM: High Vacuum Observations (Metal Samples)
- SEM: Variable Pressure Observations (Non-Metallic Samples)
Metallographic Replicas
A metallographic replica is a particular type of metallographic examination that allows the intervention of technical personnel directly on the finished part without having to intervene mechanically with cuts or dissections to remove the part to be analysed. This type of investigation is performed at the customer’s premises; it highlights the structure and morphology of the surface of the material through a sequence of operations that first involves adequate preparation of the surface to then perform a specific chemical attack depending on the type of material being investigated
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